Saturday, August 31, 2019
Use of drugs among teenagers in the United States
Interesting trends regarding the use of drugs among teenagers in the United States have begun to be revealed through the work of various researchers. While in some key areas, the use of drugs has declined, in other areas increases have been found to exist in teenagers’ use of drugs. Such areas in which such trends have been detected include use of particular types of drugs, the availability of these to the students, and the demographic that is exposed to the drugs. Such substances as methamphetamine, marijuana, and prescription medication are drugs that have seen either increases or decreases in their general trends, and differences are being studied and detected in the genders’ response to these substances. This essay will define such trends and attempt to give gender-based reasons why these have occurred.The use of methamphetamine among students has demonstrated a decrease between 2005 and 2006. Usage by tenth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate among females has been from 3 to 2 percentII. The decline rate among males has been from 2.6 percent to 1.7 percentUsage by twelfth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate among females is unsure but is suspected to be roughly the same as for malesII.     The decline rate among males has been from 9 percent to 7.4 percentThe use of marijuana among students has demonstrated a decrease between the years 2005 and 2006. Usage by tenth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate for lifetime users was 2.3%II. The decline rate in the availability of the drug is 1.9%Usage by twelfth grade students has decreased over the year I. It has been the trend for females to use less marijuana than malesII.The decline rate among females is unsure, but is suspected to be greater than that of malesIII.The decline rate among males has been from 9% to 7.4%The use of other drugs among students has demonstrated an increase between 2002 and 2006 . Usage of MDMA (ecstasy) by females students has increased over the year I.    Use has gone up from 2.7 percent to 4.0 percent.II.     This represents an increase of 1.3 percentUsage of all illicit drugs (apart from marijuana) by males is shown to be above that of females Usage of all illicit drugs (apart from marijuana) by males is shown to be on the decline. The use of drugs among males and females is influenced by different gender-based situations. Men are more likely to have opportunities to use drugs than women Men are more likely than women to abuse drugs such as marijuana and alcohol Women are more likely to become addicted to sedatives I. Women take more time to report drug dependenceII. Women often use drugs in response to depression or eating disorders.Men and women differ in the effect that drug use has on their life choices I. Men are less likely to be drop out of high school as a result of drug use.II.     Women are more li kely to drop out of high school as a result of drug use.III.     Drug use in both sexes affects future regarding job qualifications and outcomes.Works CitedBustos, Jennifer. â€Å"Gender Differences in Drug Use.†St. Martin’s University. Lacey, WA.            http://homepages.stmartin.edu/students/jennifer.bustos/256,1,Gender Differences in Drug       UseLattimer, W. W., L. J. Floyd, M. Vasquez, M. O’Brien, A, Arzola and N. Rivera. â€Å"Substance Use   Among School-based Youths in Puerto Rico: Difference between Gender and Grade           Levels.†Addictive Behavior. Vol. 29. No. 8. 2004. pp.1689-64.Lynch, Wendy J., Megan E. Roth and Marilyn E. Carroll. â€Å"Biological Basis of Sex Difference in        Drug Abuse: Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies.†Psychopharmacology. Vol. 164: 121- 137, 2002.Naylor, Adam., Doug Ga rdner and Len Zaichowsky. â€Å"Drug Use Patterns Among High School          Athletes and Nonathletes – Statistical Data Included.†Adolescence. Winter, 2001.NIDA. â€Å"Gender Differences in Drug Abuse Risks and Treatments.†The National Institute on         Drug Abuse. Vol. 15. 4, 2000.          http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol15N4/tearoff.htmlNIDA. â€Å"High School and Youth Trends: NIDA Infofacts.†The National Institute on Drug  Abuse.            U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006.      http://www.nida.nih.gov/pdf/infofacts/HSYouthTrends07.pdfRassino, Brian E., Sheila C. Ribordy, Kathryn Grant, Joseph R. Ferrari, Blake S. Bowden, and         Jennifer Zeisz. â€Å"Gender-Related Processes and Drug Use: Self-Expression with Parents,       Peer Group S election, and Achievement Motivation.†Adolescence. Spring, 2004.Ringel, J., R. L. Collins and P. L. Ellickson. â€Å"High School Drug Use Predicts Job-Related      Outcomes at Age 29.†Addictive Behaviors. Vol. 32. No. 3, 2006. pp. 576-589.
Friday, August 30, 2019
Moral Attitueds Toward the Thousand and One Night
The entire basis for The Thousand and One Knights is Shahrayar has become exhausted by the infidelity of his wife and that of his brother's. Scheherazade's purpose for the tales is to show the king that not all women are bad and that men can be evil sometimes too. There are many women in the tales who act virtuously (the she-demon in the second merchant's tale, the farmer's daughter in the third merchant's tale, etc. ). Of course, the societal perception of women is very different from today. In the tale of the farmer who understands animals, he eventually beats the wife black and blue, she learns obedience, and â€Å"everyone was happy. While this aspect of society is shown, the morality of women is not attacked or praised: it is shown as being variable, just like any person's. I have not noticed any overt racial discrimination in the tales. Of course, people from different lands or regions are portrayed as strange or downright evil, but there isn't any racism the way we would consider it. The Blackamoors are simply the Arabian people from the area farther west than the setting for the tales (the name for the Moors- an Arab/Berber people comes from this). The tales of the ox and the donkey The vizier fears that his daughter will merely suffer. True to his character and to his role, he does not say so directly, but instead tells her a story of a donkey who, proud of his intelligence, schemes to trick the master of the farm into excusing the sweet, simple ox from labor. The scheme works, but not as the donkey expected. The wealthy farmer orders the donkey driven into the field to work in the ox's place. In using a story to warn Shahrazad, the vizier engages in narrative imagining, a form of thinking before acting. In trying to change her mind through story, he unwittingly endorses the very strategy he asks her to reject–to try to change the king's mind through stories. Narrative imagining–story–is the fundamental instrument of thought. Rational capacities depend upon it. It is our chief means of looking into the future, of predicting, of planning, and of explaining. It is a literary capacity indispensable to human cognition generally. This is the first way in which the mind is essentially literary. The vizier asks Shahrazad to think before acting by imagining a story and then evaluating it. He traces the consequence of her action forward to disaster, implying that Shahrazad should abandon her plan. In doing so, he puts to domestic use a fundamental cognitive activity: story.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Manager Interviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Manager Interviews - Essay Example One of the most common procedures made use of to date includes the qualitative research methods, the quantitative research method, and the mixed research methods (McBride, 2005). Brilliantine, is amongst the firms under study, and poses as a firm, working with the reception of three main categories of calls from its clients. After conclusively interviewing not only the firms’ manager, Mrs. Sutton Banks, but also other executives of the firm, it was clear that the services rendered include, emergency calls, which would lie considered as the most vital of all the firms operations, as they result to having the firms’ agents being on the phone, for an average time of thirty minutes. This however goes further to lie spread over to a greater number of calls, whereby the customer, the client’s family, or even the neighbors are at times involved in the entire calling procedure. Technical enquiries, as well as reassurance calls, are also part of the buildup that the firm consists and works with (Esty, 2006). On the other hand, I learnt from my research that, a spa managers’ job is one of the most demanding positions that one could take up today. The flourishing spa industry gives one the opportunity to engage in procedures that bring with them rewards, excitement and, most importantly, great hope and exemplary results. However, with all this comes the other side of spas that many people may tend to know very little about. From my interview with the manager of one popular spa around that I visited, I learnt that despite holding this somewhat desired position, a lot comes with bearing that role. It is evident that with that very demanding position as a spa manager, the predicament of need for more support in terms of moral support and guidance, as well as training of staff is a major setback if lacked. In addition, it is also a very necessary factor, if the spa is to perform in accordance to the set standards (Plunkett, 2012). Technology in bus iness is essential because without it issues such as globalization, efficient communication with customers, security, as well as efficiency of operations would not lie realized. Annual tradeshows offering vendor support to dealers and cruise incentive trip for top performing dealers have also remained carried out in a bid to improve its dealer’s relations (Esty, 2006). Moreover, I learnt that, like any other management position, to be a successful spa manager, one tends to develop more in terms of success of the spa, too, with more relevant education and experience that tends to address not only their life skills but business skills as well. A well-established spa, such as the one covered in my research, incorporates various functions that may not necessarily be independent (McBride, 2005). Among various departments that should lie considered equally important is the finance department. This what, at the end of the day, the manager, and the managerial crew count on to reveal any income or possible loss where it applies. Just to mention a few roles of this department, it interprets all the financial reports and provides expertise on matters concerned with the overall revenue against the expenses incurred. This department is also mainly concerned with administration of staff and scheduling of clients to ensure maximum revenue generation and profitability as well (Plunkett, 2012). Thorough research entails a careful search of a subject matter in order to
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Types of Convergent Plate Boundaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Types of Convergent Plate Boundaries - Essay Example In a continental collision, the subducting plate is usually a plate with the oceanic crust that moves beneath the other plate with oceanic crust, therefore, moving beneath the other plate which can be made of either oceanic or continental crust. It is evident that during collisions between two continental plates large mountains ranges such as the Himalayas Mountains are made in the process. There are three types of convergent boundaries that can be subdivided into subduction and non-subduction. During the subduction types, there are two plates that the meet, the denser, cooler and heavier plate will dive below the lighter. The most floating plate one as it gets deeper into the mantle it then melts and creates a new magma (Ernst, 325-330). In this convergent boundary, two plates meet with the oceanic crust colliding, the one plate will be denser and heavier than the other, therefore, making it subduct. After the creation of the new magma, it then rises to the surface and pokes through the ocean surface as a submarine volcano. Connectively continuing eruptions will form a larger seamount where more and more eruptions will then eventually create a dry volcanic island in the ocean floor that will continue to erupt and build as long as it has a continued magma source. There is the presence of water in the rocks of the oceanic plate since they are made under the water in the oceanic floor. As the plate moves further down into the subduction zone more water contained in the plate is then squeezed out from the rocks when the plate begins to subduct. Nevertheless, the recrystallization of ocean floor rocks such as the serpentine that is unstable in the upper mantle recrystallizes forming olivine, causing dehydration through a loss of hydroxyl groups. In this case of oceanic-oceanic collision, the made magma will be mafic in nature with high iron and magnesium low silica making it very viscous. This result to shield volcanoes, due to this activity along an entire plane many volcanoes are made hence having a volcanic island and an arc of the chain of volcanoes.Â
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
The Multicultural Affects of Communication in a Large Company Essay
The Multicultural Affects of Communication in a Large Company - Essay Example A company is referred to have a multi – cultural workforce where the employees of the company is a variety of ethnic, racial, gender, and religious backgrounds. In the current time with the high levels of globalization this is a growing trend and although a very unorthodox management style, this is proving to be a relatively well accepted form of workforce management. Several benefits have been recognized with having a diverse set of employees and management staff for every company irrespective of its size. Some of these benefits include higher creativity, better decision making, and greater success in marketing especially to foreigners, better economic opportunity distribution and even the upliftment of community especially for the ethnic minorities (Kenig, 2008). Despite the benefits the diverse work cultures also led to numerous issues within organizations, especially large organizations as well. The issues include higher costs, interpersonal conflicts, discrimination issues, and most essentially communication breakdowns. A multi – cultural organization involves several people with different dialects and multi – cultural communication everywhere. Large companies are faced with numerous issues due to the multi – cultural languages. The first and highest impact is on the marketing processes of the company. Second, people from different cultures have different approaches and perspectives for work; this is a very common fact. For a team to be effective and efficient in large companies, it is essential that all members of the team – work on the same page to bring up the team together. However, with the different views and styles of approaching work, and with the language differences, it would be very difficult to keep in track, and in pace the overall team performance (Sellin & Winters, 2005). Various communication styles among various cultures are different and hence this could also be a major cause for a
Monday, August 26, 2019
Unit 2 Science DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Unit 2 Science DB - Essay Example In the years 1981-2002, over 60% of the anticancer drugs on the market were produced from the genetic resources of our biodiverse plants and animals (Newman, Cragg & Snader 2003 p.1022). Biological diversity exists everywhere on the planet. However, the degree of diversity can be severely impacted by natural events and human interaction. Some of the most biodiverse ecosystems are the tropical rainforests of South America, Asia, and Africa. These locations have felt the effects of human impact and have been rendered far less diverse than in past centuries. Humans have deforested the Amazon basin for logging, cattle ranching, and agribusiness (Urquhart et al. n.d.). Genetic diversity is vital to the health of an ecosystem and the loss of biodiversity in this region is an alarm to the sustainability of human existence. When a natural disaster or human impact damages an ecosystem, this damage spreads to affect other parts of the ecology. The loss of a single species can lead to the loss of others that use it as a food supply. The habitat may be taken over by a species that suddenly loses a natural predator. The organisms responsible for feeding, fertilizing, and recycli ng our planet can be lost because of small changes to their environment. Biodiversity is essential for the future of humans on this planet. The minor changes in farming methods, development, pesticides, and herbicides can have a lasting and disastrous effect on our food supply. Alterations to rainforests can affect the weather and climate of the planet (NASA). Introduction of non-native species, such as the Salt Cedar in the western U.S,"[...] may have significant negative effects on water resources" (Invasive species 2005). To assure this does not happen, we need to measure our actions and limit the destruction to our environment. Technology, such as NASAs satellite that monitors invasive plants, should be supported (Invasive species 2005). Globalization makes
Sunday, August 25, 2019
SOCIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
SOCIOLOGY - Essay Example Life is much more convenient as compared to the earlier eras, where only a few could afford telephones and could communicate but today cell phones are part of life and it has made an individual approachable. Although television has set the platform for all sorts of information required for different aspects of life but I disagree in the sense that it is also deteriorating the cultural norms of the society as there are certain unacceptable scenes that are forbidden for family shows. Giving it a different view point that if there is an introduction of discipline in home regarding timings to watch television, there could be enough time for the family interaction may it be the topic of personal development or creating awareness about the happenings around the world. This will preserve the decline of cultural values too. "Yes, I agree that internet services across the world has made the accessibility of documents within a few seconds and offers a platform for interaction amongst individua ls across the globe, but at the same time it is making children to access those sites which are prohibited for them". It is therefore imperative to understand Globalization from different perspective, where a deep understanding about globalization is desired. An individual must understand it in a highly disciplined manner.
Saturday, August 24, 2019
The Learning Society and Learner Identities Essay
The Learning Society and Learner Identities - Essay Example Helping my elder sister to home school her daughter reminded me of the passion that I used to have for learning, and I became interested in going back to schooling myself, and followed the ideas that had been inspiring me when I was much younger. Eventually I settled on beginning a Bachelor’s Degree in Teaching and Learning. I found that I wanted to understand more about the processes that were behind learning, and about how knowledge was imparted from one person to another, and one generation to the next. This was an immediate step for me, and I moved to my Bachelor’s degree immediately after finishing high school. The degree was fascinating, and I learnt a lot about myself and about education. I was certain that this was the area that I wanted to continue to study in and I decided to continue my education with a Master’s Degree in Learning and Development. I was strongly interested in the focus that this degree had on development. This is the degree that I am s tudying currently, and I am glad that I made the decision to do this. Working-class Conflicts One of the conflicts that are often observed between schools and families is through working-class relationships. Working classes inherently have different priorities and viewpoints than many people within the school system, and this can lead to differences of opinion for the direction that the child should go in school and in life (Reay, 2001). Reforms have attempted to make Australian schools more more of the differences between working-class families and other types of families that are encountered. However, issues of class remain present in many schools, as well as in the school system itself (Connel, 2003). The conflict between working-class families and schooling was one that was present... This essay approves that one of the conflicts that are often observed between schools and families is through working-class relationships. Working classes inherently have different priorities and viewpoints than many people within the school system, and this can lead to differences of opinion for the direction that the child should go in school and in life. Reforms have attempted to make Australian schools more more of the differences between working-class families and other types of families that are encountered. However, issues of class remain present in many schools, as well as in the school system itself. This report makes a conclusion that people return to education for many different reasons, and this is especially true for adult learners. For some, education is a chance to increase their skills in order to perform a job better or to make them more attractive for a specific job. For others, like me, education is sought not because it is a tool for a better future, but for the sake of learning itself. In that respect, adult education is for me and many others, a social endeavour and the process of learning are often associated with reinventing oneself. The author gives an example of the conflict between working-class families and schooling which was one that was present during my own secondary education. His parents are both from the working class, with his father being a builder and his mother being employed in the food industry part-time while caring for our family. Both of his parents were more interested in me obtaining skills that were physically demonstrable, rather than abstract knowledge. They wanted him to stay in secondary school until he graduated, because they felt that finishing high school was an essential component of me getting a ‘real’ job. They strongly pushed him to take courses that were more practically orientated, and to avoid ones that were mostly theoretical, with little application to the ‘real world’.
Is babbling a part of language acquisiton, or is it simply 'mouth Essay
Is babbling a part of language acquisiton, or is it simply 'mouth play' - Essay Example The sounds produced during babbling indicate that the infant is trying to communicate his emerging thought pattern and is trying to talk like adults (Oller 2000). Even though words and sentences are not part of infant babble, the sounds in babbling indicate that the infants are making effort to achieve the â€Å"level of human understanding that only language seems to provide†(Oller 2000). It has been found that the world over, the first word that children usually learn are the names of their father and mother (O’Grady 2005). Infants use the sound ‘mama’ and ‘papa’ to refer to their mother and father respectively (O’Grady 2005). Also, as words like ‘mama’, ‘dada’ and ‘papa’ are easy to pronounce, they are used by infants to indicate that they want something to be done (O’Grady 2005). For example, the infants use the sound ‘mama’ when they want to be picked, when they are hungry or when they are not feeling comfortable (O’Grady 2005). Infants use different sounds in babbling to convey different messages to their parents. The emotional bond between the parents and their infants is so strong that the parents intuitively understand the messages hidden in different sounds in babbling. They help their children to assign meaning to different noises by using these sounds themselves while talking to their children (O’Grady 2005). For example, children are taught that ‘mama’ means mother and ‘papa’ means father (O’Grady 2005). After some time, infants learn to use babbling correctly by using different sounds to mean different things (O’Grady 2005). In this way, babbling is the ‘language’ through which infants communicate with their parents. A child starts producing the cooing noises and speech-like sounds at the age of two to three months (O’Grady 2005). By the age of about 6 months, the speech-like sounds are fully
Friday, August 23, 2019
Teacher Perspectives on Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Teacher Perspectives on Play - Essay Example I knew that they were playing because they seemed to be having too much fun and had no idea when the bell rang and they had to return to the lesson. Most of them were playing; while, some were just standing around and watching. They were not playing because they were not having fun. The arrangement of the classroom did not support the play the children were playing but they were creative enough to organize tables and chairs as if they were in some kitchen, having food. Furnishings and materials neither restricted the play not supported it. It was kind of a simple play in which only tables and chairs were needed. On daily schedule, the children had only one hour to play. The rest four hours were continuous classes- two hours before the play and two after it. I saw the children playing pretend kitchen, but after they had enough of it, they started playing hide and seek. My observation matched with the teacher’s responses. She had already told me that her children played in the lunch time for about an hour. The only difference I felt was that the children did not go for any outdoor activity that day, and just remained indoors and
Thursday, August 22, 2019
HR data collection Essay Example for Free
HR data collection Essay HR data collection makes company able to measure against it supporting workforce planning, monitoring progress and development, developing initiatives for generic cases. It identifies and analyses information to aid the organization in making ultimate decisions both beneficial to the organization and its employees. Two reasons considered closely. Through HR data collection an organisation can: 1) comply with legislative and regulatory requirements regarding equal opportunities, equal pay audits, recruitment, assessing skills balance, absence recording. 2) monitor training and performance for employees, assessing each individual employee for productivity and identifying training needs. That means assessing the productivity within the business. Being well informed about the workforce is the key to aim the ultimate goal of the organization. Data collection enables management team to make informed decisions about future activity. Two types of data collected and their support: 1) Attendances is useful to monitor and gauge daily working hours and monitor absences. That enables HR to manage regular absentees successful and deal with any issues the employee might have. 2) Organisational records which includes: staff turnover, absenteeism, recruitment documentation, learning and development. HR department can monitor staff level making decision about a further recruitment process. It is also essential collecting and updating employee records such as home addresses and people to contact in time of emergency. These information are helpful where the employee not to come to work without notice. Records can be stored: 1) Electronically through computerised system. In this way organization can keep information up to date easily and any information can be sent and received rapidly. It also reduce company costs and the amount of data can be stored with no taking up much office space and they can be sorted, found, moved and protected easily. 2) Manually in paper format. In this case the risk of corrupted data is less and information are accessible in any time considering occurrences of power cuts or electronic system crashes. Moreover problems with duplicates of the same record are usually avoided. Two items of UK legislation relating to recording and storing HR data: 1) Data Protection Act, 1998. It concerns all personal records whether held in paper or electronic format. The act contains eight protection principles specifying personal data must be: Processed fairly and lawfully. Obtained for specified and lawful purposes. Adequate, relevant and not excessive. Accurate and up to date. Not kept any longer than necessary. Processed in accordance with the â€Å"data subject’s†(the individual’s) rights. Securely kept. Not transferred to any other country outside the EU without adequate protection in situ. 2) Freedom of Information Act, 2000. It allows people to ask any public body for information on both any subject an organization has and themselves too. So that the act encourages organization to be transparent and, unless a valid reason, the organization must provide requested information within 20 working days. Through this act people can access to informations needed and ensure they are not exploited or used inappropriately.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
The Evolution Of Microfinance Institutions In Nigeria Economics Essay
The Evolution Of Microfinance Institutions In Nigeria Economics Essay With the huge shortage of funds in the banking industry, failure of the established community banks and other government programs in financing microenterprises in Nigeria, gave rise to the idea of transforming existing microfinance NGOs into microfinance banks. In the past years, microfinance institutions were informal in nature. They were characterized by different mechanism such as ability of the members of these microfinance institutions to have credit support from other members which could be used in expanding their businesses mainly in the agricultural sector. For almost three decades it has been a challenge for governments to provide micro-credit to the poor people who are operating micro and medium enterprises. It is known that in every country around the world, over 90% of the businesses are micro and small businesses (Jenkins, 2009). In Nigeria, there used to be people who go round taking money from other people in their job places. These kinds of people serve like village banks, where they accept the money as deposit and save it for the people. This kind of agreement between the inhabitants of the respected area and the people going round to collect their money establishes a trust between them. Although it differs between community to community, the whole idea is the same which is deposit taking and saving, but what remains interesting here is that in some cases, these people that agree to save, form group amongst themselves, and one or two people among them borrow the money after it has been accumulated. They usually gather the money for six to twelve months. The members who collect the money usually use it to invest in their businesses but they also know that they are required to return the money back to the depositors. This way other members will also have a chance to borrow. This is one of the interesting ca ses as it gives us an insight on how the financial sector operates in Nigerian villages and towns. This process of formation of own borrowing groups was not only common in Nigeria, but it was experienced around the world. An empirical evidence in Ghana (Owusu and Tetteh, 1982), Zimbabwe (Bratton, 1986) and Dominican Republic (Desai, 1983) shows that local conditions have influenced the ideal size of membership and that below or above the ideal size of membership correlates negatively with cohesiveness and joint accountability. Anyanwu (2004) conducted a study on micro-finance institutions in Nigeria, their policy practice and potential. In this study, he analyzed at that time, the ten major micro-finance institutions in Nigeria with respect to their location. These micro-finance institutions were Farmers Development Union (FADU), in Ibadan; Community Women and Development (COWAD), in Ibadan; Country Women Association of Nigeria (COWAN), in Akure; Lift Above Poverty (LPO), in Benin; Justice Development and Peace Commission (JDPC), in Ijebu-Ode; Women Development Initiative (WDI), in Kano; Development Education Centre (DEC ENUGU), in Enugu; Development Exchange Centre (DEC BAUCHI), in Bauchi; Outreach Foundation (OF), in Lagos; and Nsukka Area Leaders of Thought United Self-Help Organization (NLTNUSHO), in Nsukka. The result of the analysis carried out by Anyanwu in 2004 showed that most of the beneficiaries of the services provided by the micro-finance institutions in Nigeria were women. About 97.4 per cent of the clients in the sample were women. Four of the institutions exclusively provide services to women, while five had over 90 per cent of their clients as females (Anyanwu, 2004 pp.5). This shows clearly how women have been the most important target for the micro-finance institutions which is viewed as normal because of the fact that women in Nigeria are always believed to be marginalized in terms of socio-economic matters. The study was one of the triggering factors that led to the public sector seeing the fact that almost 60 percent of the Nigerian populations which reside in the rural or remote areas do not have access to micro-credit. This gave the public sector a thinking of coming out with alternative solution to this problem. The following tables 1 to 4 summarize the ten major mic ro-finance institutions in Nigeria and their activities before 2005. As the analysis in Table 1 to 4 shows, in average all these microfinance institutions source their funds from either government grants or grants from other individual or international donors. This kind of source tells us that the microfinance institutions in Nigeria were dependent on these grants which constitute 51.2 percent of their whole source of funds. This is a very big number in respect of sustainability of the entire microfinance sector that they serve to the poor. Microfinance institutions in Nigeria should be able to have continual supply of micro-credit to the Nigerian poor and abandoned population on their own without receiving any exogenous grants or donations. Having that huge amount of external support as 51.2 percent grants or donations, gives us a hint that a more adequate and self-sustainable institution is needed in order to serve the poor on sustainable basis. So overall, self-sustainable institutions are needed to be able to tackle the poverty alleviation questio n addressed by the government through the micro-finance sector in Nigeria. With these downturns and global concern about poverty, micro-finance became a very important discussion and top priority of even international development institutions. Huge funds were set aside by these institutions to combat poverty. These institutions are membered by the world countries which made it powerful enough to deal with questions of poverty and promote consensus solution amongst themselves. With the clear international concern about the effect of poverty which the world income distribution with a Gini coefficient of around 0.85 makes it an excellent indicator of unsuccessful nature of the aggregate world economy these days. This result shows an unjust income distribution, which roughly 15 percent of worlds population receive 80 percent of the aggregate income generated, whereas almost half of the worlds population to fall under massive conditions of poverty (Birtek, 2009). Microcredit is a critical anti-poverty tool and a wise investment in human capital. Now that the nations of the world have committed themselves to reduce the number of people living on less than $1 a day by half by the year 2015, we must look even more seriously at the pivotal role that sustainable microfinance can play and is playing in reaching this Millennium Development Goal (Annan, 2006). Year 2005 was recognized by the United Nations as Year of Microfinance (Jenkins, 2009). United Nations is one of the sole organizations which foster the continual existence of micro financing in both the developed and developing countries. The millennium development goals addressed the issue of alleviating poverty not only by giving foreign aid to the less developed and under-developed countries, but also by supporting the poor to stand on their own. With all these developments that took place since early 1990s, like the other governments, the Nigerian government also reacted. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) responded in 2005 by establishing laws which will promote the establishments of better financial institutions to serve the Nigerian poor population. The microfinance policy, regulatory and supervisory framework for Nigeria entered into force in 2005. This law obligates microfinance institutions to be regulated in Nigeria. With this policy, regulatory and supervisory framework, the government addressed different issues needed to strengthen microfinance institutions in Nigeria. This law required the private sector to acquire license from the Central Bank of Nigeria. The license was open to start-up a micro-finance banks or an already established microfinance institutions that wanted to convert into a micro-finance bank. The policy aimed at having adequate regulation and supervision over the microfinance sector in Nigeria. According to Jenkins (2009), one of the ways of incorporating microfinance into the financial system can be achieved through the change of microfinance NGOs into a formal regulated financial institutions. With this, adequate credit allocations to the poor could be achieved. As (white and Campion, 2002) termed it to be up scaling of microfinance institutions. Furthermore, Jenkins (2009) stated that since 1990s a large number of microfinance institutions have transformed into a regulated microfinance bank such as BancoSol, K-Rep and ACLE-DA Bank. These microfinance NGOs were all unregulated, but they later transformed into a fully regulated institution under their respective country laws. 3.2 Regulation of Micro Finance Banks in Nigeria The microfinance policy, regulatory and supervisory framework in 2005 was the first formal policy established for microfinance institutions that are becoming microfinance banks in Nigeria. Some months later, another formal text was released on regulatory and supervisory frameworks for micro-finance banks (MFBs) in Nigeria. These provisions were established in line with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as every member of the United Nations should respect. Analysis would be made on the policies establishing the micro-finance banks in Nigeria. This policy was the proceeding of the National Conference on Microfinance organized between the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2000. As a result, in 2001, the Central Bank of Nigeria conducted a baseline study of the microfinance institutions in Nigeria. Some of the objectives of the study among others as indicated by Okojie, Monye-Emina, Eghafona, Osaghae Ehiakhanem (2009, pp22-23) were: Identifying the role of MFIs in financial intermediation in Nigeria, Determining the level of financial intermediation of MFIs with a view to developing a regulatory and supervisory framework to guide and enhance its operations in Nigeria, and Recommending policies that would facilitate the linkage of informal, semi-formal, and formal financial services providers to micro- and small-scale rural entrepreneurs. Also the study shows that as of third quarter of 2001, about 60 percents of commercial banks had aggregate savings of about N99.4 million about 662,666 USD and outstanding credit of N649.6 million about 4,330,666 USD, indicating huge business transactions in the sector. This clearly indicates the large size of their equity base. (Okojie, Monye-Emina, Eghafona, Osaghae and Ehiakhanem, 2009). With the above indications addressed by the study which explained the need for a proper regulatory framework, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) responded as indicated by (Anyanwu, 2004) as follows: Development of a regulatory and supervisory framework for the operations of MFIs in Nigeria Establishment of an apex regulatory institution charged with the responsibility of building capacity through the training of directors and managers of MFIs to enable them to develop an efficient information system for identifying and managing risks, and satisfying relevant data and information requirements of regulators and stakeholders, Improvement of infrastructural facilities so as to reduce the transactional costs associated with the administration of microcredit in the country. These areas above indicated by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) brought about the entire regulatory and supervisory framework for microfinance banks (MFBs) in Nigeria. Below will be analysis on the kinds of regulatory and supervisory issues are addressed. 3.2.1 What determines the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)s Power? The regulatory and supervisory guidelines and rules are issued by the CBN in the exercise of powers given by the provisions of section 28 subsection (1) (b) of the CBN Act 24 of 1991 (as amended) and in pursuance of the provisions of section 56-60A of the Banks and Other Financial Institution Act (BOFIA) 25 of 1991 (as amended). These guidelines were to organize and establish micro-finance banks (MFBs) that will be able to utilize deposit acceptance and savings from the public and engage in microfinance activities with their clients (CBN, 2005). This power made CBN above any other government department or parastatal in decidng regulatory and supervisory rules for these microfinance banks in Nigeria. 3.2.2 What Defines a Micro Finance Bank by law? As indicated by the policy law, a microfinance bank unless otherwise stated shall be taken to mean any kind of company licensed to carry out the business of providing microfinance services which includes such things as savings, loans, domestic funds transfer and other financial services that economically active poor, micro enterprises and small and medium enterprises need to carry out and boost their businesses as indicated by these rules and guidelines (CBN, 2005). 3.2.3 Who should be the micro-finance clients ? It is clealy indicated in the policy establishing the microfinance banks in Nigeria that who their clients should be. The policy clealy states that the main purpose is to serve the economically active poor which will be a way of empoering them to have more choices. The policy indicated that for a person to benefit from the microfinance banks, certain characteristics should be met (CBN, 2005), which includes : Having a monthly income of not more than twice the monthly per capital income of Nigeria or minimum wage, whichever is higher Having a total productive assets [inclusive of those arising from loans but excluding the cost of land] of not more than five hundred thousand Naira [N500, 000.00] only, about 3,333.33 USD. Is not a regular employee of any organization Age between 18 and 60 years. Unless if someone fall in that category, or else microfinance loan would not be granted. 3.2.4 What defines a Poor Person? A poor person as explained by the policy is one who has meager means sustenance or livelihood, and who earns a total income in a year that is less than the minimum taxable income set by the Nigerian government (CBN, 2005). 3.2.5 Which businesses are termed as micro-enterprises? It is indicated in the policy that micro enterprises are those firms that require micro credit or loans to operate and boost their businesses. These kinds of businesses are characterized of mainly sole proprietorships and are family basic in nature. Employments are provided to few which are mostly immediate family members. These micro entrepreneurs work informally and usually are engaged in activities which are primary in nature like local craft and subsistence agriculture. 3.2.6 What defines Collateral and what is the Loan Duration? Unlike the commercial bank lending where collateral is a requirement, micro loans are given to the micro entrepreneurs such as peasants, farmers, artisans, fishermen, women, senior citizens and non-salaried workers in the formal and informal sector based on their character and the cash flow of the businesses and their household (CBN, 2005). Collateral is not needed to secure any micro-credit loan due to the fact that the idea is to help the poor, low income earners and micro entrepreneurs boost their businesses as indicated by the policy (CBN, 2005). The micro-loan duration should not exceed 180 days (6 months), but in some exceptional cases where a loan is giving to micro-enterprises engaged in agricultural activities with longer gestation period, maximum of 12 months (one year) would be granted. The loan may be repaid daily, weekly, monthly or bi-monthly basis depending on the amortization schedule in the contract (CBN, 2005). 3.2.7 Ownership and License of Microfinance Banks (MFBs) In Nigeria The policy framework explained that micro-finance banks can be established by a single person, group of individuals, community development associations, and domestic private and foreign investors. The policy further explained that significant diversification in ownership would continue to be encouraged in order to enhance good corporate governance of licensed MFBs. Also those universal banks that intend to create any category of MFB as their subsidiaries shall be required to satisfy all the requirements set by the law. Talking about granting license, it requires that any investor thats willing to operate a MFB in Nigeria shall put it in writing to the governor of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). It indicated that there shall be two categories of licenses. These categories as indicated by the Micro-Finance policy were: Those Micro Finance Banks (MFBs) licensed to operate as a unit bank otherwise known as Community banks shall operate and open branches within a specified local government area [LGA]. N20 million [twenty million naira] roughly 133,333.333 USD or such amount shall be the minimum capital requirement as may be prescribed by the CBN from time to time. And Those Micro Finance Banks (MFBs) licensed to operate in a State and open branches within a specified state or Federal capital territory. N1.0 billion (one billion naira) only roughly 6,666,666.667 USD or such an amount shall be the minimum capital requirement as may be prescribed by the CBN from time to time (CBN 2005, p10). With these features mentioned above, one can see the differences between a universal bank and a micro-finance bank regulation in Nigeria. A clear demarcation can be seen in the amount of capital requirement. For a universal bank, its 25 Billion Naira about 166,666,666.7 USD, which is 25 times the minimum capital requirement for a microfinance bank licensed to operate in a state. This is a huge gap because microfinance banks in Nigeria are only restricted to given credits to the class of people that are either low income earners, aged or senior citizens. These only are allowed to receive a micro-credit loan. 3.3 Permissible acts for Microfinance Banks in Nigeria There are number of permissible acts indicated by the policy establishing microfinance banks in Nigeria. As indicated by the framework policy, a microfinance bank shall only be allowed to provide the following services to its clients (CBN, 2005 pp8-9): Acceptance of various types of deposits including savings, time, target and demand from individuals, groups and associations; except public sector deposits [government], provision of credit to its customers, including formal and informal self-help groups, individuals and associations; promotion and monitoring of loan usage among its customers by providing ancillary capacity building in areas such as record keeping and small business management; issuance of redeemable debentures to interested parties to raise funds from members of the public with approval of the CBN; collection of money or proceeds of banking instruments on behalf of its customers through correspondent banks; provision of payment services such as salary, gratuity, pension for the various tiers of government; provision of loan disbursement services for the delivery of credit programme of government, agencies, groups and individual for poverty alleviation on non-recourse basis; provision of ancillary banking services to their customers such as domestic remittance of funds and safe custody; maintenance and operation of various types of account with other banks in Nigeria; investment of surplus funds of the MFB in suitable instruments including placing such funds with correspondent banks and in Treasury Bills; pay and receive interests as may be agreed upon between them and their clients in accordance with existing guidelines; operation of micro leasing facilities, micro finance related hire purchase and arrangement of consortium lending and supervise credit schemes to ensure access of micro finance customers to inputs for their economic activities; receiving of refinancing or other funds from CBN and other sources, private or public, on terms mutually acceptable to both the provider of the funds and the recipient MFBs; provision of micro finance related guarantees for their customers to enable them have greater access to credit and other resources; buying, selling and supplying industrial and agricultural inputs, livestock , machinery and industrial raw materials to poor persons on credit and to act as agent for any association for the sale of such goods or livestock; investment in shares or equity of any body-corporate, the objective of which is to provide microfinance services to poor persons; encouragement of investment in cottage industries and income generating projects for poor persons as may be prescribed by the CBN provision of services and facilities to customers to hedge various risks relating to microfinance activities; provision of professional advice to poor persons regarding investments in small businesses; rendering managerial, marketing, technical and administrative advice to customers and assisting them in obtaining services in such fields; mobilize and provide financial and technical assistance and training to micro- enterprises provision of loans to microfinance clients for home improvement and consumer credits; and performance of non-banking functions that relate to micro finance related business development services such as co-operatives and group formation activities, rural industrialization and other support services needed by micro enterprises. Unless otherwise stated by the CBN, no microfinance bank is allowed to spill over these permissible acts, in other words only these services can be performed and provided by microfinance banks in Nigeria. These permissible acts are subject to review by the CBN from time to time. 3.4 Prohibitive acts for Microfinance Banks in Nigeria As indicated by the policy, microfinance banks are not allowed to carry activities (CBN, 2005 pp9-10) such as : acceptance of public sector [government] deposit except for the permissible activities like provision of payment services such as salary, gratuity, pension for the various tiers of government and provision of loan disbursement services for the delivery of credit programme of government, agencies, groups and individual for poverty alleviation on non-recourse basis foreign exchange transactions, international commercial papers, international corporate finance, international electronic funds transfer, cheque clearing activities, dealing in Land for speculative purposes, real estate except for its use as office accommodation, allow any facility for speculative purposes; and enter into leasing, renting, and sale/purchase of any kind with its directors, officers, employees or persons who either individually or in concert with their family members and beneficiaries own five percent [5%] or more of the equity of the MFB, without the prior approval in writing of the Central Bank of Nigeria
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
YEOs Marketing Strategy Analysis
YEOs Marketing Strategy Analysis Company Background YEOS PRODUCT (M) BHD is involved in the industry of canned foods and drinks. They also produce noodles. Having a new logo in the New Year represents the improvement of the organization to face new challenges in the modern era. YEOS PRODUCT (M) BHD have been working hard in this food and beverage industry and currently are very strong in it. YEO HIAP SENG Malaysia started with introduction of Schweppes canned drinks in 1985. The year before, they were the first organization in Malaysia to create and pack drinks using the brand name of Fizzi. These carbonated tropical fruit flavors drinks are packed in 325 ml cans. During the same year, YEO HIAP SENG also made history by becoming Malaysias first organization to sell mixed fruit juices. The juices were 100% pure under the brand name Junior Juice. Another innovation done by YEO HIAP SENG was from their research and development department which successfully produced the first non-fried instant noodles in this country as well. With all the success until today, YEO HIAP SENG is still looking forward to greater success. As a public relations consultant hired by YEO HIAP SENG, I have the responsibility to produce a public relation plan and the budget allowed maximum is RM 300, 000 per annum. The objectives, stakeholders, messages, detailed public relation activities as well as costing will be discussed further in the following paragraphs. Stakeholder Campaign Objectives To reach a sales of RM 8,000,000 in year 2013. To build a strong brand image among Malaysians. To persuade the consumers to consume our product. To create an awareness among our brand in Malaysia. Communication Message Product Situation Analysis Yeos emphasizes in producing curry canned food. Curry canned food are the company most favorable products categories in total. These categories of products including chicken curry, beef curry, lamb curry and mutton curry with potatoes. All these products are the company main income. The company main targets for this category of products are housewife, students, food hawker and restaurant. Yeos chooses housewife consumer as its target market because they are the decider in using spice in their cooking for her whole family. Consumer in this segmentation normally ages 30 78. However, to be more competitive, Yeos expanded its products to variable. These products are canned drinks and cintan mee. These products contribute side income to the company. Due to these products are not the company main incomes; therefore these products are quite competitive. But they still need to go on producing refining these products to be conservative. Category that purchases company products the most is at the age range from 39 63 years old, 38%. Follow by ages category of 26 -38 years old, whereby the purchases percentage is 28%. Meanwhile for 39 63 years old and 63 years old purchaser consists of 19% and 15%. Competitor Situation Analysis Today the market competition is not only rife but also growing more intense from year to year. These developments explain the current talked about marketing warfare and competitive intelligence systems. It is because market has become so competitive, understanding customers are no longer enough. Companies should start paying keen attention to their competitors. Successful companies design and operate system for gathering continues intelligence about competitors. It would seem a simple task to a company to identify their competitors. It would seem a simple task for a company to identify its competitors. However, the range of a companys actual and potential competitors is much broader. A company is more likely to be buried by its latent competitors than its current ones. The most challenging thing for Yeos is facing giant competitor such as Alagapas, Besta and Adabi. These companies have huge capital and have branch in every state in Malaysia. This makes it almost impossible to penetrate. Market Situation Analysis There are two main parts of market situation analysis, which is microenvironment analysis and macro environment analysis. A company should know its position in market, its competitors position and the threats to the company. The most important thing is how the market environment affects the company. Market Analysis From the research conduct Yeos has notice a few potential market segmentation. Target Market Housewife Students Food Hawker Restaurant Table 1: Market Segmentation From Table 1, Yeos chooses housewife consumer as its target market. Housewife prepares meal for her family everyday; she is the one who decides what to cook and what ingredients to use. They are using the salted soya bean to make the food more delicious. With the products that produce by Yeos such as canned foods are the simplest food to be prepared. We focus in the curry which is the famous foods for the Asian people. Due to this reason, we can say that housewife is the decider in using some canned foods in her cooking for her whole family. The most famous products are sardine in tomato sauces, chicken curry, chicken kurma, beef curry, lamb curry and cuttlefish in soya sources and others. Consumer in this segment normally ages from 30 78. This segment focused on canned foods such as tuna flakes in vegetables oil, tuna with sliced chili and tuna with chili and basil leaf, which are mostly favorable by housewife. Meanwhile, students who that staying outside is one of the consumer that hit the list of market segmentation because they are expanding fast. Most of it serves their meal by eating the canned foods. They are potential for chicken curry, sardine in tomato sauces and the most favorable is the tuna canned food which provide in different type of taste. Food hawker nowadays is expanding faster as to the economy downturn recently. More and more people tend to involve in food industry. They will sell sandwiches in morning and afternoon. They are potential for tuna flakes in vegetables oil, tuna with sliced chili, tuna with chili and basil leaf and sardine in tomato sauces. Restaurant is well known in this region for serving local and foreign food. As major attraction to consumer restaurant have serve local food. As a conclusion, restaurants are potential customer of company in using most of companys product. Three Year Strategy Year 1 I also suggest the organization to promote the products to the market through advertising. The two main areas of focus are magazine and newspaper. Magazine YEO HIAP SENG can publish in daily magazines their advertisements. Magazine is a very good tool to brief potential readers about the company. Many magazine readers are around Malaysia, and some even read it daily as a part of their activities. Most of the other people read magazines during their free time. Newspaper Newspaper will be a better choice compared to magazine. This is because the amount of newspaper readers is more than magazine readers. Through newspaper, YEO HIAP SENG can publish their potential products with pictures, location, profile and information regarding the product. It is very easy for YEO HIAP SENG to reach their target market through newspaper because almost everyone reads newspaper in Malaysia. Year 2 Exhibition Exhibition will be held in many famous places around Malaysia like KLCC, Midvalley, Bukit Bintang and Pavillion. Exhibition is a part of PR strategy to get more attention of the consumer. Seminar Seminar can also be held at school and university areas. Examples of famous places are Pay Fong Highschool, Inti University College and Nilai College. These places have many students and able to accommodate up to 1000 places for attendee. Year 3 Brochure Brochures will be printed in three languages and they are Mandarin, English and Malay language. Special designs that can catch attention will be used and the print will be in tri-fold brochure, tri-fold result in six panels and three panels on each side, the size (3panels x 2sides) of 3.67 x 8.5. Thick gloss paper with four colour process will be used so that the quality can be seen and also giving a good impression. The estimated print out copies will be around 10000 copies after consideration of the target market. For year 1 strategy, the total amount of budget forecasted is Rm 280, 000 which is just about the allocated budget of Rm 300, 000. The second year strategy is only Rm 200, 000 only for exhibition purposes. In the final year three, the budget is only Rm 124, 000 which is getting lower and lower because the first and second strategy are not repeated. Commercial Partner And Sponsorship Much consideration was taken before choosing our potential commercial partner and sponsorship. Guinness Anchor Berhad (GAB) was chosen because it is the market leader in the beer and stout industry of Malaysia. This company started business in 1989 with the partnership between Malayan Breweries and Guinness Malaysia Berhad. On the similar year, it was listed in the KLSE as well. As a related industry, they can truly assist our company in sponsorship to achieve greater success. This is an ideal reason to seek them as sponsor for the organization of ours. Control And Evaluation Analyzing the effectiveness of the public relation plan is another important part of evaluation test. It used to estimate whether the media that we use reach to our target market effectively. Our company marketing department staff will do a research for advertising ROI (Return On Investment). It is a strategy that uses to measures the relationship between output (sales) and input (budget, money spent on message creation and delivery). By doing this research we will know whether the tools used in the public relation plan is efficient enough (Allen, 1999). All of the measurement and evaluation activities will help us to learn which way is the most effective way to reach our target audiences. Therefore, we can increase the performance of the public relation plan in the future. Summary Absolutely, marketing is most powerful and crucial division in one company. Marketing and sales staff should work together to achieve their mission. Market opportunity is a big factor in shaping a companys strategy in its campaign. Indeed, managers can not properly tailor to the YEO s situation without first identifying each company opportunity, appraising the growth and profit potential each one holds and crafting strategic initiatives to capture the most promising of the companys market opportunities.
Monday, August 19, 2019
Darwins Theory of Natural Selection :: essays research papers fc
Charles Darwin revolutionized biology when he introduced The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. Although Wallace had also came upon this revelation shortly before Origins was published, Darwin had long been in development of this theory. Wallace amicably relinquished the idea to Darwin, allowing him to become the first pioneer of evolution. Darwin was not driven to publish his finding, which he’d been collecting for several years before Wallace struck upon it, because he had â€Å"never come across a single [naturalist] who seemed to doubt to permanence of species†(Ridley, pp. 70). What follows are the key points of Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection taken directly from the two chapters concerning it in his book Origins. In chapter III of Origins Darwin sets up his discussion on Natural Selection by establishing the struggle for existence in nature. By this he means not only an individuals need to fend of enemies and survive its environme nt but also it’s ability to create living, healthy, successful offspring. The first factor concerning this struggle is the ratio of increase in any given species. Darwin explains how this struggle must be occurring otherwise a single species would dominate the entire earth because every single one of it’s offspring would survive. This is due to the fact that every species reproduces exponentially, a rate that would soon produce astonishing numbers if left unchecked. This does not happen however, because nature has a system of checks and balances. Although we may not be able to detect these checks, we can see their effects by the indisputable fact that one species doesn’t completely dominate the planet. These checks consist of enemies eating the young or even adults, the rigors of weather or environment, and countless others. In this way birds, for example, cannot populate beyond their food supply, and the grains they feed on are held in check, because even thoug h they may produce thousands of seeds only a few are able to reach maturity. Darwin goes on to show how all plants and animals compete and relate to each other in this struggle for existence. He does so by relating various personal observations that show the introduction of a different species of plant or animal can have a direct effect on the present survival of the indigenous species and even allow other foreign species to proliferate. This leads to interspecies survival, which Darwin considers the hardest struggle of all, and the one that may have the greatest effect on the evolution of a species through Natural Selection.
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Death Penalty Essay: Barbaric Capital Punishment -- Argumentative Pers
Barbaric Capital Punishment    During the past three decades the issue of capital punishment has been very controversial inside the United States. During 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court decided in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty was unconstitutional because it was a form of "cruel and unusual punishment." However, this decision did not last long; in July 1975 the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment did not violate any parts of the Constitution. Executions as they had before 1972 resumed again. Since then 180 prisoners have been executed. The United States Supreme Court should abolish the death penalty because it is a form of "cruel and unusual punishment."  Under our current U.S. Constitution which has been around for over 200 years, prisoners of the government cannot be subjected to any kind of punishment which is deemed cruel and unusual. However all the forms of capital punishment that the government uses are questionable as to whether or not they are legal according to the Constitution. Forms of capital punishment that are still used in the United States include hanging, firing squad, electrocution, gas chamber, and lethal injection. With hangings a rope is attached to a persons neck proceeded with them being dropped from a certain height with the other end of the rope attached to something higher than them. The result is either strangulation which can take a while or complete decapitation. With the firing squad option a prisoner is tied to a chair and blinded. After this a firing squad composed most of the time of five individuals fires gun shots at a target attached to the prisoners chest (ACLU).  The most widely used form of execution has been electrocution. With this method of elect... ... obtain its goal. Because the death penalty fails its main objective and because of the reason stated above it should be abolished.  Works Cited American Civil Liberties Union. "Briefing Paper Number 8." gopher://gopher.pipeline.com:70/00/society/aclu/publications/papers/8. Associated Press. "PD Chiefs: Death Penalty Fails". news:death-penaltyURcb0_5FN@clarinet.com:Thu, 23 Feb 95 4:40:09 PST. Bedau, Hugo Adam. "The Case Against The Death Penalty". gopher://gopher.pipeline.com:70/00/society/aclu/issues/death/case_against. Blumstein, Alfred and Jacqueline Cohen. Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. National Academy of Sciences: Washington, D.C., 1978. Van den Haag, Ernest. Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question. Basic Books, Inc.: New York, 1975.  Death Penalty Essay: Barbaric Capital Punishment -- Argumentative Pers Barbaric Capital Punishment    During the past three decades the issue of capital punishment has been very controversial inside the United States. During 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court decided in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty was unconstitutional because it was a form of "cruel and unusual punishment." However, this decision did not last long; in July 1975 the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment did not violate any parts of the Constitution. Executions as they had before 1972 resumed again. Since then 180 prisoners have been executed. The United States Supreme Court should abolish the death penalty because it is a form of "cruel and unusual punishment."  Under our current U.S. Constitution which has been around for over 200 years, prisoners of the government cannot be subjected to any kind of punishment which is deemed cruel and unusual. However all the forms of capital punishment that the government uses are questionable as to whether or not they are legal according to the Constitution. Forms of capital punishment that are still used in the United States include hanging, firing squad, electrocution, gas chamber, and lethal injection. With hangings a rope is attached to a persons neck proceeded with them being dropped from a certain height with the other end of the rope attached to something higher than them. The result is either strangulation which can take a while or complete decapitation. With the firing squad option a prisoner is tied to a chair and blinded. After this a firing squad composed most of the time of five individuals fires gun shots at a target attached to the prisoners chest (ACLU).  The most widely used form of execution has been electrocution. With this method of elect... ... obtain its goal. Because the death penalty fails its main objective and because of the reason stated above it should be abolished.  Works Cited American Civil Liberties Union. "Briefing Paper Number 8." gopher://gopher.pipeline.com:70/00/society/aclu/publications/papers/8. Associated Press. "PD Chiefs: Death Penalty Fails". news:death-penaltyURcb0_5FN@clarinet.com:Thu, 23 Feb 95 4:40:09 PST. Bedau, Hugo Adam. "The Case Against The Death Penalty". gopher://gopher.pipeline.com:70/00/society/aclu/issues/death/case_against. Blumstein, Alfred and Jacqueline Cohen. Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. National Academy of Sciences: Washington, D.C., 1978. Van den Haag, Ernest. Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question. Basic Books, Inc.: New York, 1975. Â
Achieving True Happiness :: Happiness Essays
Happiness is an encouraging feeling, which is influenced by many factors. When Layard states ‘from outside’ he means social identities, roles, cultures and groups people belong to. When Layard states ‘from within’ he is referring to a person’s thinking and feelings. Richard Layard (2005) in an attempt to find out what made people happy identified a list of factors that contributed towards happiness, this included family, close relationships, satisfying work, good health and personal freedom. ‘There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so’ (Shakespeare, Hamlet). This quote suggests that it’s the way people think that makes a situation seem good or bad. For example people who have a glass half full or a glass half empty. They may well both be in the same situation, but the way they think about the circumstances means that one of them will have a positive/ optimistic outlook while the other will have a negative/ pessimistic outlook. Optimists are healthier than pessimists, as they generally worry less, recover quicker and are likely to live longer. This is highlighted by a study carried out by Toshihiko Maruta and colleagues (2002) in which they selected 839 patients who forty years previously had referred themselves for medical care. They submitted themselves for tests which included measuring their optimistic thinking. By the year 2000, 200 of these patients had a 19% greater life span than the pessimists. There are many reasons why people develop a pessimistic or optimistic outlook on life; one of the most apparent reasons being past experiences teaching people to expect very little or a lot from life. Martin Seligman (2005) is known as the psychologist who initiated positive psychology. He got a group of 577 people to write about a time when they were at their best and then told them to reflect on the personal strengths they displayed at the time. The group then had to review this once every day for a week, reflecting on their strengths. He found that the happiness levels of the group increased significantly and stayed increased even after six months. Thus he shows making an attempt to look at the good things in life have a major impact on a person’s happiness. In today’s society the increased level of choice is surprisingly also a source of stress and unhappiness. For example people think they must always make the best decision every time they have a choice to make.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Caste System
A Day in Life: Case system Narrative My feet, burning walking through the villages while the higher caste people Just stare at us, as if we are animals that have no home. My son is screaming as he is sick from the polluted water we have to drink from. The higher caste people drink from clean fresh wells and laugh at us as we drink from the local pond filled with animal feces. There isn't much hope for our kind of people, but for us it's all about slim chances. My people help each other in times of need, the same caste helps the people inside f it, but requesting help from another caste is getting a guaranteed no.The different castes live like they are different from each other as if we are both two different animals except we are like an ant and the Brahmin are like a tiger. We have different jobs, ways of life, and values. I wake up tired and exhausted and send my son to his job which is cleaning the town caste, he knows it's filthy but he knows we need every penny we can get. I hav e two Jobs; one is being a servant for a higher caste family, and cleaning high caste's houses. I work for 18 hours a day and receive below minimum wage for my Jobs.There is nothing we can do about it; we untouchables don't have any power and barely any if we do have any. We Just need to accept that we are not welcomed. Many of us tried to revolt and take what we deserve and some of us, like I Just accept we are treated so poorly. The protestors don't get very far, we might get one or two right gained but nothing to major. Most people are planning to revolt, but I'm a coward and I do not want to be downgraded in the next life. I believe ow we are treated is very poorly, but however I think we deserve much more respect than what we have now.We will always be the untouchables, and there is nothing we can do about it. But being treated this poorly is not human. The untouchables are treated with disrespect like we insult their views. I believe in reincarnation and how we untouchables ca me to live with a low reputation, so for now I hope to live my life and follow the Mandate of Heaven to come back with a much higher status. Each one of us are put into the spot we have now because of our previous actions, and I accept hat before my life as an untouchable I have done some bad things that brought me into this depressing life, but it's the way the game of life works.Life as an untouchable is the worst it ever gets, it's wrong to harm people in such a way and this will make those upper caste people who make us suffer untouchables, and then they can experience what we have to go through. I personally believe the Caste system is fair, and that everyone will eventually undergo a period of hardship. Life isn't easy, and everyone will eventually understand that. Caste System By rmarhaba
Friday, August 16, 2019
The Quiet American
The Quiet American In The Quiet American Grahm Green writes of a complex love triangle taking place in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He chooses Thomas Fowler as the protagonist to tell the story from a biased point of view. From the beginning, Fowler proclaims that he is objective. As the story progresses he is eventually gives into the desire to take action and get involved. It is not until after this climax that Fowler finally realizes and admits to himself that he cannot simply remain aloof his entire life.Green’s use of Fowler as an unstable narrator effectively depicts the complexity of human motive and how difficult it is to be honest, even to oneself. Fowler is a British journalist who has been working in Vietnam for several years. Living in an extremely controversial era in the middle of all the action, Fowler insists on remaining â€Å"not involved†(20). Fowler is a â€Å"reporter,†as opposed to a â€Å"correspondent,†for he reports what he s ees and â€Å"[takes] no action†(20). He often likes to sit across the street form the milk-bar and just observe.Watching people of all shapes and colors go about their normal lives, Fowler does nothing himself, but simply watches. He even uses opium to achieve a state of complete impassiveness about the world and everything around him. Just a single pipe could make Fowler grow indifferent to the â€Å"presence or absence†of his lover (6); several more and he cannot decide whether his own death would be good or bad. Opium allows him to convince even himself that he really is indifferent to all that which goes on around him.He prides himself on remaining detached and not taking sides, saying it is â€Å"an article of [his] creed†(20). Based on his determination to be merely an observer, Fowler should make a fine narrator. Impartial and neutral, he would tell the story as is without even an opinions to cloud his mind, for â€Å"even an opinion is a kind of act ion†(20). Despite Fowler’s efforts, it soon becomes impossible for him to remain stagnant. When the opportunity is offered to him, he resolves to participate in a plot to murder Alden Pyle. He justifies his decision with the fact that Pyle has caused much trouble and disaster.He is so naive that he does not realize the extent of what he has done, and even with the death of so many people on his hands, â€Å"he’ll always be innocent, [and] you can’t blame the innocent†(155). Fowler convinces himself that Pyle as a threat to society and â€Å"all you can do is†¦ eliminate him. Innocence is a kind of insanity†(155). However, his reasoning is questionable, for there are personal motives involved as well. Fowler does not want Phuong to leave him and marry Pyle. His wife had already made it clear that she will not give him a divorce.Though he cannot marry her himself, he is selfish and wishes everything to stay the way it is. When Phuong and her sister find out that Fowler’s wife remains insistent on her refusal of his request for a divorce, things start to turn against him. Phuong moves out and plans to marry Pyle. Fowler, devastated, has increased reason to want Pyle dead. In fact, the two men talk of how Phuong is â€Å"the most important thing there is†right before Fowler makes up his mind to open the book at the window and call the whole plan to action (169).It is clear that Fowler does not make his decision based solely on political grounds. Slowly, as the story goes on, Fowler starts to realize that it is impossible to stay indifferent of everything around him. â€Å"Sooner or later, one has to take sides if one is to remain human†(166). After he decides to engage in the ploy to kill Pyle, he recognizes that â€Å"[he] had become as engaged as Pyle†(175). Fowler has assumed his role in the game. He can no longer hide behind his insistence that he is neutral and â€Å"no decision wo uld ever be simple again. Stubborn as he was before about not taking sides, Fowler realizes that he â€Å"had judged like a journalist†¦ and betrayed [his] own principles†(175); he is honest to himself when he finally crosses the line into partiality. After Pyle’s death Fowler tells Phuong that he is sorry. She does not catch the significance of his apology, but he says that though â€Å"everything had gone right for [him] since [Alden] had died†¦ [he] wished there existed someone to whom [he] could say that [he] was sorry†(180). Fowler sees clearly the magnitude of what he has done.He takes responsibility for his actions and feels remorse. The instability of Fowler’s narration depicts the extraordinary intricacy of individual drive. It is never clear the reasons that Fowler makes many of his decisions, often not even to himself. Does he kill Pyle out of political concern, or compassion for the Vietnamese people? Does he do it out of love for P huong, or is it simply lust? These questions, to some degree a mystery even to Fowler himself, are emphasized by his unreliable narration.Unclear intentions are not limited to just the narrator. When Pyle saves Fowler’s life, his motives are ambiguous as well. One may assume that based on Pyle’s simple personality, his purposes are most likely be pure and genuine. He probably saved Fowler because it was in his power and it was the right thing to do. But Fowler suspects Pyle to be more calculating, that he planned to emerge a hero from the ordeal and win Phuong over in that way. Human motives are quite often multi-layered and difficult to understand.Graham makes the peculiar choice of telling a story from the prejudiced point of view of someone whose personal life is tangled in the mess of the story. Fowler starts out determined to stay impartial as a reporter and a person in general. However, as events occur and his happiness is put on the line, he gets drawn in and ta kes action. Though he makes his decision to get involved, Fowler is unsure and doubtful the whole time and feels a great deal of remorse when it is all over. It is then that he must admit to himself, and the readers see, that he is not impartial after all, and it is, in fact, human nature to take a side.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
The Significance of the Title to the Novel the Pearl
The significance of the title to the novel ‘The Pearl’. The novel ‘The Pearl’ by John Steinbeck is such a novel that really interest me as a reader. What is really appropriate is the title itself which incorporate ‘the pearl’, the essence of the story. The pearl is very significant to the title because without ‘the pearl of the world’, the story just would not exist. The novel could not stand by itself if the pearl is not found. We can also see that any story would not be interesting without conflicts.The pearl has created conflicts among the characters in the novel. Thus, it can be said that it is the pearl that moves the story. The characters are nothing without the pearl. The pearl is the beginning and the end of the novel. As readers, we can see that the pearl appears as something significant when Kino found it. The finding of the pearl is described vividly in the story. Its colour and shape are shown by the writer graphically. The response from Kino who clinched his fist triumphantly and his friends who come in drove show the importance of the pearl.We realized that the story revolves around the pearl. This continues till the end of the story. The disappearance of the pearl when it was thrown by Kino marks the end of the story. Therefore, the pearl is a single entity which is very important to the novel. The pearl is crucial as the title as it differentiate between good and evil and between the poor and the wealthy. It becomes a priceless commodity that turns the character into who they are. Those who wish to be evil use the pearl for evil purposes whereas the good just need it for their normal life.Thus the pearl is very significant to both parties, and to the title of the novel. A novel energy lies in the existence of powerful characters and plot. Although the pearl is not a character, its involvement in nearly all the important happenings is a statement that it is the energy that drives the story forwa rd. Those who touch it become obsess with it and those who haven’t are willing to do anything to get it. Kino becomes obsessed with the pearl promises and the doctor is willing to sacrifice his professional etiquette to obtain the pearl.It seems that the energy of the pearl is uncontrollable. This makes ‘The Pearl’ a remarkable tale that interest readers. A story needs a suitable setting which suit the period. The pearl is a perfect instrument that suits a story that takes place in La Paz, an important pearl producer in American Continent. We can imagine that if the pearl is replaced with other thing, the novel would become dull and the story becomes irrelevant. It is an important tool that require by many people in La Paz, including the natives and the wealthy immigrants.Kino himself said that the pearl is his soul. The pearl that drives the economy of La Paz is also the one that drives the plot of ‘The Pearl’. The points above have shown that the t itle of the novel ‘The Pearl’ which uses the pearl of the world as its main ingredient is rightly chosen. The title ‘The Pearl’ perfectly suits the story plot. It also provides the right ingredient for conflicts and a foundation for a never ending quests for a good life.
Wednesday, August 14, 2019
ABC Wholesalers Ltd Essay
You are nearing completion of the 31 December 2015 audit of ABC Wholesalers Ltd. The figures below have been extracted from the final draft financial report. During you review of the audit files, you note the following items recorded on the summary of audit differences. 1. ABC Wholesalers has been involved in a long-running dispute with the taxation authorities in relation to the amount of sales tax payable on certain lines of merchandise. The case was resolved this year in favour of the taxation authorities. The court ruled that ABC Wholesalers, as well as paying the outstanding taxes, must pay a non-tax-deductible fine of $420,000. 2. Sales cut-off at one of ABC Wholesaler’s stores was incorrect, resulting in a large sale of inventory made early in January 2015 being recorded in the 31 December 2014 year-end. The cost price of the inventory sold was $250,000. ABC Wholesalers marks up inventory by 40%. 3. Purchases cut-off at the same store was also incorrect, resulting in a large purchase of inventory made in late December not being recorded until January 2015. The invoice price of the inventory purchased was %5,950,000. You also note that the planning materiality level was set by the audit manager at $200,000. Question: a) Consider items 1-3 independently. State whether the amounts involved would be considered material for the purpose of issuing an auditor’s report. Give reasons. b) Explain the relevance, if any, of the planning materiality level to your decisions in a).
Tuesday, August 13, 2019
Fast food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Fast food - Research Paper Example They carried out this study to understand the perceptions among Latino parents on their role(s) in countering the alarming obesity cases among children (Glassman, Figueroa and Irigoyen, 4-13). This study had a sample representation of twenty-six parents and was conducted in New York City with preschool parents. The parents unanimously agreed that they had a critical role in preventing the obesity problem among their children through proper dietary practices. However, there were also some hindrances to the effectiveness of their fight against obesity through issues of societal pressures, family history and interparental / intergenerational issues as well as the adolescence issues. Therefore, the study would reveal the importance of empowering the parents to fight the obesity menace among the children through such mechanisms as family based interventions which are culturally effective and helping them overcome the hindrances outlined above. From such a study as this, it is clear that t hough the problem has a lot to blame on the actual food taken and thus by extension to the fast food industry, the most to blame over the condition are the particular persons taking the food. For instance, the fast food outlets would not be blamed over the increasing obesity conditions among the kids but rather the parents who take the active role of funding the children to get the food or better still taking them to these outlets for meals. Diet is the major cause of obesity as a fact as illustrated from the above excerpt. Nevertheless, genetic structure within families as well as developmental stages of human beings such as the adolescence has critical contribution to the occurrence of such a condition. It is therefore a justified concern to evaluate the role that fast food, as part of regular diet to many people in the modern society, has played in raising the cases of obesity. The fast foods are blamed on having high levels of saturated fats and calories which are interpreted to contribute greatly to adding weight uncontrollably (Sheehan, para 2). This therefore confirms the fears and blames that people often level on fast food on occurrences of obesity. Research has equally played a major role in supporting the claims on causes of obesity where many such study findings support poor dietary practices to be the major cause of the condition. This however does not totally disregard other influential factors that would equally be blamed on the rising cases of obesity among people, especially the Americans. They are therefore justified to level accusations and blame on fast food as a cause to their weight problems; obesity is such an example. Although it is a well-known fact that fast food is commonly unhealthy, the obesity epidemic in America is not caused by the fast food industry, but rather the individuals that make the conscious choice to dine at these restaurants. Discussion Parents and guardians have a most influential role to pay on the habits that the children pick up as they grow, with diet and eating habits being among them. Good parentage entails setting good examples to the young on such aspects as healthy eating and best joints to hang out in among other responsibilities. In this argument, I stand to refute that the availability fast food joints at the proximity of
Monday, August 12, 2019
ARTICLE SUMMARY - APPLYING LEAN SIX SIGMA METHODOLOGIES TO IMPROVE
SUMMARY - APPLYING LEAN SIX SIGMA METHODOLOGIES TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY - Article Example Moreover, certain methods like rapid cycle test to determine if the baseline of data collected is in accordance to the implementation of efficient clinic visits. Inclusive of the time-study, no- show data and physician-patient familiarity data were used during this study. The results of the study after their analysis showed that massive implication of workflow processes in internal medicine residency clinics can be a disaster if there is no arrangement that has been scheduled to curb difficulties in health care and disease management. When the Institute of Medicine came up with a report, To Err Is Human, in 1999, concerns on the quality of health care have emerged. The Institute of Medicine also came up with another report, Crossing the Quality Chasm, recommending that the quality of health care should be an issue patient encounter on federal regulations as per the overarching framework of patient to the government. When Berwick was presenting his finding he suggested that due to wid e areas of quality growth towards health care, the idea should not deviate from the real issue of patient interests and experiences towards attaining good health care. Literature reviews on this topic show the importance of major improvements required by the patients; for instance renowned author Atlas explained how patient’s mutual relation with their physician can influence the quality of medical care delivered. The presentation showed that this relationship between patient- physicians is of greater importance towards delivering quality health care than their personality’s backgrounds. Another author, Street RL also went further suggesting that the patient’s details sharing with the physician shows a strong bond of trust between the care providers and hence leads to patients following the instructions prescribed to them on treatment. A revelation also came up that most strong patient-physician relationship are as a result of past experiences and other historic mutual encounters over a period time (Atlas SJ, 2009). Joshi also suggested that a further related cultural identity among the patients and their provider can have great impacts towards results of disease management mostly in less populated areas with high occurrence of chronic diseases for example diabetes (Joshi R, 2010). This research, the Kline Internal Medicine Throughput Initiative (Kim TI), showed that the risk of a disease getting to its advanced stage is as a result the patient not presenting him or herself for checkups. Furthermore, another cause of no-show rates was said to be the long waiting time in the clinics that contributed to long medical services. Hence, a â€Å"Lean Six Sigma†methodology was adopted to determine the hindrance of efficiency and enduring health care in internal medical clinics with an aim of increasing the number of patients availing themselves for appointments and their adherence to treatment prescriptions and disease management procedure s. This ensures efficient and effective utilization of scarce health resources and personnel available per a given population. Methods In October 2008, KimIT team from Harrisburg Hospital Internal Medicine Residency program was formed to focus on the factors affecting the adherence of physicians’ treatment prescription plan using data from visits portrayed by patients for checkups in clinics. Their first role was to design a clear
Should drugs be legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Should drugs be legalized - Essay Example The congress in Canada set up a commission of enquiry to look into the issues that had been raised by the public and the lawyers. Many recommendations were made. To date, those recommendations are yet to be implemented. They have asked the question several times, ‘Should drugs be legalized?’ Before this question is answered, here is background information about substance abuse. Substance abuse is the use of mind controlling harmful drugs and other activity enhancing substances that are not approved for use by any qualified professional medical practitioner. These substances include alcohol, narcotics, cannabis, glue types, stimulants, sedatives, and hallucinogens. Some of these substances are abused against the regulations of bodies such as FIFA. Activity enhancing drugs have been banned from their use in sporting activities. The focus of this article is on the narcotics, such as cannabis, methamphetamine, opium, heroin, and cocaine. Substance abuse means the same as drug abuse. This is because of the dependency effect of the drugs that cause the users to become drug addicts. In a bid to curb drug trafficking and drug abuse, the Drug Enforcement Agency in the United States was formed. Many issues have been raised on whether this business should be made legal since the war on drugs seems a long road without success. Gore Vidal of The New York Times and Will iam Bennett have opinions on this topic that form the basis of this discussion. Should drugs be legalized? Gore Vidal in his article â€Å"Drugs: Case for Legalizing Marijuana,†gives the opinion that the substance abuse in the United States can be a thing of the past if only all drugs are made available but at a high cost. All drugs available should have a clear, accurate, and well-labeled description of the effects of the substance use. According to this writer, the bill of rights in the United States was paramount. Every citizen of the United
Sunday, August 11, 2019
Media and Organizations that influence Politics Essay
Media and Organizations that influence Politics - Essay Example On both sides of political wall the United States, the web appears to be a developing field for arranging and voicing contradiction. However our political organizations are fairly altogether dug in thus long as there isnt assembly for emotional social transform theyre very impervious to the incremental requests of discontents. Historically this has regularly been generally advantageous, and the intrinsically deliberative nature of our presidential framework doesnt generally fit quick political change. Yet, as conventional associations are undermined by their own particular delay to adjust, innovative deficiency, and enactment focusing on them, the inquiry remains exactly how Americans ought to impact their lawmakers more oftentimes than with every new decision cycle. The capability to sort out individuals productively, rapidly, semi-secretly and without dependence on conventional media has absolutely altered individuals capacity to act politically, it is not so certain what amount of this capability has affected the structures of bringing on institutional change. A mass of bodies, firm requests and the influence to compel foundations to offer into those requests appears to be as discriminating as ever. The United States’ media in is manned by the private division and confronts no political control by the administration. There is a solid custom of autonomous daily papers, magazines, TV, radio, and different manifestations of media publicizing changing assessments, both basic and steady of government arrangement. The media serves no less than three vital capacities in affecting open arrangement. Initially, arrangement producers are under consistent examination by the far reaching media industry. Open authorities understand that just about whatever thing they do or utter even in secrete can show up in the media,
Saturday, August 10, 2019
In no more than 2500 words, critically evaluate the role of branding Essay
In no more than 2500 words, critically evaluate the role of branding and its importance to an organisations marketing communications - Essay Example Creating a brand image and name for a company ensures that customers are able to differentiate the products and recognise the product that satisfies their needs the most and thus improving the customer loyalty. In simple word branding is the process of creating a different image from that of the competitors (Jobber, 2004). This paper aims at discussing the basic concept of branding and furthermore the importance of branding to an organisations’ communication. The paper will first start with a brief discussion of the term branding, following which the role of branding in companies will be discussed. This will provide for a basic understanding and will lead to a more important aspect of every business, i.e. importance of branding on the marketing communications of a business. Modern branding is gradually focusing its interest on preserving and putting together a combination of values either tangible or intangible. These values significantly and properly make a distinction of a company from the others and are pertinent to consumers (Jobber, 2004, Kotler et al., 2002). Kotler (2002) discussed that only Coca-Cola can manufacture ‘Coke’ although many manufacturers can produce cola drinks. Levitt stated that the competition does not presently thrive on what the manufacturers can produce. Rather, these factories focus on the improvement of their product. This is a new kind of knowledge for the customers in terms of services, advertising, packaging and many other aspects that aim to meet the necessities of the customer and the value of the people. A strong customer franchise is a requirement for a company to be shielded from competition. (Kotler, et.al., 2002). Prior to a discussion regarding research techniques for assessing the effects of advertising on branding, the word or concept brand itself need to be defined. A brand is a unique name or symbol intended to 1) distinguish to sources of a good
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